Average temperature and rainfall by month, heating degree days: UK, German and French cities
Monthly climate of 345 cities, 1950-2025: mean and extreme temperatures, rainfall, wet and frost days, heating and cooling degree days, sunshine energy and wind; plus monthly normals 1991-2020 per city.
- Period
- 1950-2025, monthly
- Coverage
- 345 cities in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Portugal, Serbia and Luxembourg (GB, DE, FR, PT, LU, RS)
- Version
- 1.1.0
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- DOI
- 10.5281/zenodo.24187714
Downloads
GB
gb_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.csvgb_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.parquetgb_city_climate_normals_1991_2020.csv
DE
de_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.csvde_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.parquetde_city_climate_normals_1991_2020.csv
FR
fr_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.csvfr_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.parquetfr_city_climate_normals_1991_2020.csv
PT
pt_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.csvpt_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.parquetpt_city_climate_normals_1991_2020.csv
LU
lu_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.csvlu_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.parquetlu_city_climate_normals_1991_2020.csv
RS
rs_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.csvrs_city_monthly_climate_1950_2025.parquetrs_city_climate_normals_1991_2020.csv
Source code and scripts on GitHubZenododata.gouv.frdata.public.ludata.gov.rs
Columns
| Column | Unit | Description |
|---|---|---|
| country | ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code | |
| city_id | GeoNames id of the city | |
| name | City name | |
| year | Year | |
| month | Calendar month 1-12 (complete months only) | |
| tmean_c | °C | Mean temperature of the month |
| tmin_mean_c | °C | Mean of daily minimum temperatures |
| tmax_mean_c | °C | Mean of daily maximum temperatures |
| tmin_abs_c | °C | Lowest temperature of the month |
| tmax_abs_c | °C | Highest temperature of the month |
| precip_mm | mm | Total precipitation of the month |
| wet_days | days | Days with at least 1 mm of precipitation |
| frost_days | days | Days with a minimum below 0 °C |
| hdd_15_5 | °C·day | Heating degree days, base 15.5 °C |
| hdd_18 | °C·day | Heating degree days, base 18 °C |
| cdd_18 | °C·day | Cooling degree days, base 18 °C |
| cdd_22 | °C·day | Cooling degree days, base 22 °C |
| gtz_20_15 | °C·day | Gradtagzahl 20/15 (VDI 3807) |
| solar_kwh_m2 | kWh/m² | Surface solar radiation downwards, total of the month |
| wind_mean_kmh | km/h | Mean 10 m wind speed |
Method
Copernicus ERA5-Land reanalysis grid values (hourly, 0.1°, about 9 km) at the grid cell nearest each city, not station observations. Cities are the 100 most populous municipalities of France and Germany by official population (INSEE, BKG), with their official names, and the largest places of GeoNames cities5000 in the other countries: United Kingdom 100, Portugal 20, Serbia 20, Luxembourg 5. Hourly values are summed or averaged over local civil days in the city’s own time zone, complete days only. Temperatures are adjusted from the grid cell elevation to the city elevation at 6.5 °C per km. Wind is the mean of hourly 10 m wind, not gusts.
Limits
These are reanalysis grid values, not measurements of weather stations: they can differ from official station records, above all in mountains, on coasts and in large cities (the urban heat island is not resolved). They are not official statistics. Daily extremes are smoothed: on record heat days the daily maximum is often 2 to 7 °C below the station record (London, 19 July 2022: 36.4 °C here, 40.2 °C at Coningsby).
How to cite
Weatheo (2026). Average temperature and rainfall by month, heating degree days: UK, German and French cities (Version 1.1.0) [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24187714
Licence
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0). Weatheo (weatheo.com). Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. German city names and populations: © GeoBasis-DE / BKG (2026), dl-de/by-2-0, data changed.
Changelog
- 1.1.0 (2026-11-13): First release of the city tables (six countries).